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The Design and Analysis of an Algorithm Portfolio for SAT

by: Lin Xu, Frank Hutter, Holger Hoos, Kevin Leyton-Brown
Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming – CP 2007 (2007), pp. 712-727.


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It has been widely observed that there is no “dominant” SAT solver; instead, different solvers perform best on different instances. Rather than following the traditional approach of choosing the best solver for a given class of instances, we advocate making this decision online on a per-instance basis. Building on previous work, we describe a per-instance solver portfolio for SAT, SATzilla-07, which uses so-called empirical hardness models to choose among its constituent solvers. We leverage new model-building techniques such as censored sampling and hierarchical hardness models, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques by building a portfolio of state-of-the-art SAT solvers and evaluating it on several widely-studied SAT data sets. Overall, we show that our portfolio significantly outperforms its constituent algorithms on every data set. Our approach has also proven itself to be effective in practice: in the 2007 SAT competition, SATzilla-07 won three gold medals, one silver, and one bronze; it is available online at http://www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/beta/Projects/SATzilla .


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