Sat, 26 Jul 2008 03:15:22 BST CiteULike: 著者: Prugnolle http://www.citeulike.org/author/Prugnolle CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/jyuh/article/1095215 <i>Nature</i> An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori Bodo Linz François Balloux Yoshan Moodley Andrea Manica Hua Liu Philippe Roumagnac Daniel Falush Christiana Stamer Franck Prugnolle Schalk van der Merwe Yoshio Yamaoka David Graham Emilio Perez-Trallero Torkel Wadstrom Sebastian Suerbaum Mark Achtman doi:10.1038/nature05562 Nature 2007-02-08T19:36:11-00:00 Nature 0028-0836 Nature Publishing Group no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/ryanraaum/article/1552512 <i>Human Genetics, Vol. 118, No. 3. (18 December 2005), pp. 366-371.</i><br /><br />Abstract Individuals differ genetically in their susceptibility to particular diseases and their response to drugs. However, personalized treatments are difficult to develop, because disease susceptibility and drug response generally have poorly characterized genetic architecture. It is thus tempting to use the ethnicity of patients to capture some of the variation in allele frequencies at the genes underlying a clinical trait. The success of such a strategy depends on whether human populations can be accurately classified into discrete genetic ethnic groups. Despite the heated discussions and controversies surrounding this issue, there has been essentially no attempt so far to quantify the relative power of ethnic groups and geography at predicting the proportion of shared alleles between human populations. Here, we present the first such quantification using a dataset of 51 populations typed at 377 autosomal microsatellite markers, and show that pair-wise geographic distances across landmasses constitute a far better predictor than ethnicity. Allele-sharing between human populations worldwide decays smoothly with increasing physical distance. We discuss the relevance of these patterns for the expected distribution of variants of medical interest. The distribution patterns of gene coding for simple traits are expected to be highly heterogeneous, as most such genes experienced strong natural selection. However, variants involved in complex traits are expected to behave essentially neutrally, and we expect them to fit closely our predictions based on microsatellites. We conclude that the use of ethnicity alone will often be inadequate as a basis for medical treatment. Geography is a better determinant of human genetic differentiation than ethnicity Andrea Manica Franck Prugnolle François Balloux doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0039-3 Human Genetics, Vol. 118, No. 3. (18 December 2005), pp. 366-371. 2007-08-10T20:34:38-00:00 2005 Human Genetics 118 3 366 371 geographic-structure population-structure race str http://www.citeulike.org/user/lp2/article/1468558 <i>Current Biology, Vol. 15, No. 5. (8 March 2005), pp. R159-R160.</i><br /><br />A leading theory for the origin of modern humans, the `recent African origin' (RAO) model [], postulates that the ancestors of all modern humans originated in East Africa and that, around 100,000 years ago, some modern humans left the African continent and subsequently colonised the entire world, displacing previously established human species such as Neanderthals in Europe [ and ]. This scenario is supported by the observation that human populations from Africa are genetically the most diverse [] and that the genetic diversity of non-African populations is negatively correlated with their genetic differentiation towards populations from Africa []. Geography predicts neutral genetic diversity of human populations Franck Prugnolle Andrea Manica Francois Balloux Current Biology, Vol. 15, No. 5. (8 March 2005), pp. R159-R160. 2007-07-20T09:56:59-00:00 2005 Current Biology 15 5 R159 R160 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/cmmorel/article/1301720 <i>Adv Parasitol, Vol. 64 (2007), pp. 1-458.</i><br /><br />Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today despite the vast amount of research conducted on Leishmania pathogens. The biological model is genetically and ecologically complex. This paper explores the advances in Leishmania genetics and reviews population structure, taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity. Current knowledge of Leishmania genetics is placed in the context of natural populations. Various studies have described a clonal structure for Leishmania but recombination, pseudo-recombination and other genetic processes have also been reported. The impact of these different models on epidemiology and the medical aspects of leishmaniases is considered from an evolutionary point of view. The role of these parasites in the expression of pathogenicity in humans is also explored. It is important to ascertain whether genetic variability of the parasites is related to the different clinical expressions of leishmaniasis. The review aims to put current knowledge of Leishmania and the leishmaniases in perspective and to underline priority questions which 'leishmaniacs' must answer in various domains: epidemiology, population genetics, taxonomy and pathogenicity. It concludes by presenting a number of feasible ways of responding to these questions. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. AL Bañuls M Hide F Prugnolle doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(06)64001-3 Adv Parasitol, Vol. 64 (2007), pp. 1-458. 2007-05-17T10:24:55-00:00 2007 Adv Parasitol 0065-308X 64 1 458 epidemiology leishmania pathogenicity review taxonomy http://www.citeulike.org/user/ladygoat/article/139226 <i>Curr Biol, Vol. 15, No. 5. (8 March 2005)</i> Geography predicts neutral genetic diversity of human populations. F Prugnolle A Manica F Balloux doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.038 Curr Biol, Vol. 15, No. 5. (8 March 2005) 2005-03-24T15:45:06-00:00 2005 Curr Biol 0960-9822 15 5 no-tag